Football, as a global sport, represents the spirit of competition and the blending and collision of different cultures.

From its historical development to its evolving rules, football's journey is full of stories and innovation, making it one of the most popular sports in the world.

This article explores the history of football and its basic rules, allowing us to appreciate its unique charm.

1. Historical Origins

Ancient Greece and Rome had similar ball games, such as the Roman game "Harpastum," a physical kicking game focused on confrontation. In the mid-19th century, modern football began to emerge in England.

In 1863, the English Football Association was established, and the first official set of football rules was created, marking the birth of modern football. The standardization of football spurred its spread across Europe and the globe, from schools to clubs and eventually international competitions. Football has become an indispensable recreational activity and cultural link in people’s lives.

2. Evolution of Rules

Football rules have evolved from a simple framework to the intricate yet precise system we see today. Early rules, similar to rugby, allowed more physical contact.

However, the Cambridge Rules developed by the Football Association distinguished football from other ball games by including core regulations such as prohibiting hand contact with the ball and restricting certain fouls.

In 1871, the goalkeeper's role was officially defined as the only player allowed to use their hands. The standard height and width of the goalposts were also established. In 1891, the penalty kick rule was introduced to penalize serious fouls near the goal. These foundational rules gradually formed the basic structure of modern football.

Over time, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) continued adjusting the rules to meet the needs of modern matches. For example, in 1925, the offside rule was modified to allow a goal if at least two defending players were behind the attacking player, increasing the scoring potential.

Additionally, late 20th-century technology introduced the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) system, making match decisions more accurate and fair, reflecting football's commitment to sportsmanship.

3. Overview of Basic Rules

Modern football matches are governed by basic rules covering the field, number of players, match time, and regular foul management, creating a simple yet dynamic set of regulations.

- Field and Team Size: The standard football field is 100-110 meters long and 64-75 meters wide. Each team has 11 players, including a goalkeeper and ten outfield players. The objective is for each team to score more goals in the opponent's net.

- Match Duration: A formal football match consists of two halves, each lasting 45 minutes, with a 15-minute halftime break. If a match requires a winner and ends in a tie after 90 minutes, extra time or a penalty shootout may occur.

- Fouls and Penalties: Fouls can happen anytime during the match. Actions such as reckless tackling, shirt-pulling, or dangerous maneuvers are considered fouls. Depending on the severity, the referee may issue a yellow or red card. A yellow card warns the player, and a red card ejects them from the match. A player with two yellow cards or a single red card will be sent off.

- Offside Rule: The offside rule is one of football's most debated regulations. When an attacking player is closer to the opponent's goal line than the second-last defender when the ball is played, they are considered offside unless they are level with or behind the line. This rule prevents players from “goal-hanging” and adds a strategic element to the game.

From its early forms to the modern era of high-tech support, football has retained its competitive and entertaining nature. Rules have made the sport both strategic and exciting to watch. Through international tournaments and club leagues, football has become a vital part of global culture, inspiring countless people to pursue their dreams. No matter how football may evolve in the future, the joy and passion it brings will continue to captivate the world.